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A coin from Palestine 647-58 (from “Did Muhammad Exist?” by Robert Spencer)

A coin from Syria 686-87 (from “Did Muhammad Exist?” by Robert Spencer)

A coin from Palestine in the reign of Muawiyah (from “Did Muhammad Exist?” by Robert Spencer)

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We explore more issues surrounding why the Arabs won. We look into their society. We explore the great battles themselves and the armies who fought in them.

Arabia and the Fertile Crescent in 600 AD from Wikipedia

Period: 602-695

Download: Why did the Arabs win? Part 3: They Wanted it More

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Tom Holland author of the book “In the Shadow of the Sword”

An interview with Tom Holland, author of the book “In the Shadow of the Sword.” The book traces the origins of Islam by looking at the Jewish, Roman and Persian worlds of late antiquity. In the interview he gives his views on how this process worked and then I ask him why did the Arabs win?

Period: 602-695

Download: Why did the Arabs win? Part 2: In the Shadow of the Sword

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Why can’t we entirely trust the traditional Islamic account of the conquests?

Period: 602-695

Download: Why did the Arabs win? Part 1: The Sources

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Why did the Romans lose control of their Eastern provinces so easily?

The terrain of Europe and the Middle East from Colin McEvedy’s Atlas of Medieval Europe

Period: 602-695

Download: Episode 55 – Why did the Romans lose?

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Justinian II comes to power aged 16 and begins imitating his namesake in ambition and productivity. He orders campaigns in east and west, begins building and taxing and calls for an Ecumenical Council. All the while though his popularity  plummets.

Justinian II by Atanas Atanassov (from ‘Rulers of the Byzantine Empire’ published by KIBEA)

One of Justinian II’s coins on which the Kibea Illustration is based (from an ebay sale).

This is the controversial coin. Jesus on the left. A solidus of Justinian II from the Dumbarton Oaks collection.

Period: 685-695

Download: Episode 54 – Justinian II

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Constantine IV calls an Ecumenical Council to discuss the issue of Monotheletism. He also has to deal with an invasion of the Balkans by the Bulgars.

The mosaic of Constantine IV in the Basilica Saint Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna (from Wikipedia)

Close up from flickr.com. Constantine is the one handing the concessions. To his left are his brothers and Justinian II is on the far left

Period: 679-685

Download: Episode 53 – The Bulgars are Coming

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Constantine IV inherits his father’s throne together with his ceaseless war with Muʿāwiyah. As the Caliph builds a fleet to threaten Constantinople the Emperor responds with the weapons at his disposal.

A solidus of Constantine IV from dirtyoldcoins.com

A solidus of Constantine IV from Wikimedia commons

A solidus of Constantine IV from the Dumbarton Oaks collection

Period: 669-679

Download: Episode 52 – The Non-Siege of Constantinople

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Constans II uses the Muslim civil war to reorganise the Roman military in the East. Then he travels to the West making a new home for himself in Syracuse in Sicily.

Solidus of Constans II (from Dumbarton Oaks coin collection)

The Themes in 668 AD from A History of the Byzantine State and Society by Warren Treadgold

Period: 656-668

Download: Episode 51 – The Themes

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